Sources

The content shared in our dashboard originates from peer-reviewed scientific research. This page is kept up-to-date with all the scientific sources we use to support the information covering our portfolio of biomarkers.

Albumin (Liver Protein)

• Liver Function Tests. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. 
• Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians. CMAJ. 2005 Feb 1; 172(3): 367–379.
• Clinical use of albumin. Blood Transfus. 2013 Sep; 11(Suppl 4): s18–s25.
• Malnutrition: laboratory markers vs nutritional assessment. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2016 Nov; 4(4): 272–280. 
• Human serum albumin homeostasis: a new look at the roles of synthesis, catabolism, renal and gastrointestinal excretion, and the clinical value of serum albumin measurements. Int J Gen Med. 2016; 9: 229–255.
• Guidelines on the management of abnormal liver blood tests. Gut. 2018 Jan;67(1):6-19.
• Human serum albumin homeostasis: a new look at the roles of synthesis, catabolism, renal and gastrointestinal excretion, and the clinical value of serum albumin measurements. Int J Gen Med. 2016; 9: 229–255.
• The impact of hormonal contraceptives on blood pressure, urinary albumin excretion and glomerular filtration rate. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Feb; 63(2): 224–231.
• Influence of dietary macronutrients on liver fat accumulation and metabolism. J Investig Med. 2017 Dec;65(8):1102-1115.

ALP (Liver Enzyme)

• Alkaline Phosphatase and Gamma Glutamyltransferase. Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Boston: Butterworths; 1990.
• Alkaline Phosphatase Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-.
• Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians. CMAJ. 2005 Feb 1; 172(3): 367–379.
• Approach To A Patient With Elevated Serum Alkaline Phosphatase. Clin Liver Dis. 2012 May; 16(2): 199–229.
• Persistently elevated alkaline phosphatase. BMJ Case Rep. 2012; 2012: bcr2012006768.
• Liver fibrosis: a compilation on the biomarkers status and their significance during disease progression. Future Sci OA. 2018 Jan; 4(1): FSO250.
• Treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2017 Jul; 13(7): 425–427.
• Are Lifestyle Therapies Effective for NAFLD Treatment? Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Oct;30(10):701-709.
• EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016 Jun;64(6):1388-402.
• Influence of dietary macronutrients on liver fat accumulation and metabolism. J Investig Med. 2017 Dec;65(8):1102-1115.

ALT (Liver Enzyme)

• Serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as an indicator of health and disease. Hepatology. 2008 Apr;47(4):1363-70.
• Genome-wide midrange transcription profiles reveal expression level relationships in human tissue specification. Bioinformatics. 2005 Mar 1;21(5):650-9.
• Alanine aminotransferase in clinical practice. A review. Arch Intern Med. 1991 Feb;151(2):260-5.
• Alanine Aminotransferase-Old Biomarker and New Concept: A Review. Int J Med Sci. 2014; 11(9): 925–935.
• Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians. CMAJ. 2005 Feb 1; 172(3): 367–379.
• The prevalence and etiology of elevated aminotransferase levels in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 May;98(5):960-7.
• Serum alanine aminotransferase in skeletal muscle diseases. Hepatology. 2005 Feb;41(2):380-2.
• Serum alanine aminotransferase elevations correlate with serum creatine phosphokinase levels in myositis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006 Apr;45(4):487-8.
• Liver fibrosis: a compilation on the biomarkers status and their significance during disease progression. Future Sci OA. 2018 Jan; 4(1): FSO250.
• Treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2017 Jul; 13(7): 425–427.
• Are Lifestyle Therapies Effective for NAFLD Treatment? Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Oct;30(10):701-709.
• EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016 Jun;64(6):1388-402.
• Influence of dietary macronutrients on liver fat accumulation and metabolism. J Investig Med. 2017 Dec;65(8):1102-1115.

Bilirubin (Liver Protein)

• Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians. CMAJ. 2005 Feb 1; 172(3): 367–379.
• Physiology, Bilirubin. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-.
• Investigation of liver and biliary disease. BMJ. 2001 Jan 6; 322(7277): 33–36.
• Evaluating Elevated Bilirubin Levels in Asymptomatic Adults. JAMA. 2015 Feb 3; 313(5): 516–517.
• Total bilirubin in athletes, determination of reference range. Biol Sport. 2017 Mar; 34(1): 45–48.
• Influence of dietary macronutrients on liver fat accumulation and metabolism. J Investig Med. 2017 Dec;65(8):1102-1115.

Copper

• Copper deficiency, a new triad: anemia, leucopenia, and myeloneuropathy. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2017 Oct; 7(4): 265–268.
• Dietary copper and human health: Current evidence and unresolved issues. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2016 May;35:107-15.
• Copper, oxidative stress, and human health. Mol Aspects Med. 2005 Aug-Oct;26(4-5):268-98.
• Health Effects of Copper Deficiencies. National Research Council (US) Committee on Copper in Drinking Water. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2000.
• Copper overload and deficiency both adversely affect the central nervous system of Drosophila. Metallomics. 2014 Dec;6(12):2223-9.

Cortisol

• Stress and hormones. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jan-Mar; 15(1): 18–22.
• Technical and clinical aspects of cortisol as a biochemical marker of chronic stress BMB Rep. 2015 Apr; 48(4): 209–216.
• The regulation of muscle mass by endogenous glucocorticoids. Front Physiol. 2015; 6: 12.
• Occupational status, cortisol secretory pattern, and visceral obesity in middle-aged men. Obes Res. 2000 Sep;8(6):445-50.
• Mindfulness Intervention for Stress Eating to Reduce Cortisol and Abdominal Fat among Overweight and Obese Women: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Study. J Obes. 2011; 2011: 651936.
• Interactions between sleep, stress, and metabolism: From physiological to pathological conditions. Sleep Sci. 2015 Nov; 8(3): 143–152.
• Biological rhythms in man: relationship of sleep-wake, cortisol, growth hormone, and temperature during temporal isolation. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol. 1981;28:475-99.
• Cortisol responses to mental stress, exercise, and meals following caffeine intake in men and women. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006 Mar; 83(3): 441–447.
• National Institute of Mental Health: 5 Things You Should Know About Stress
• Exercise and the Cortisol Awakening Response: A Systematic Review. Sports Med Open. 2017 Dec; 3: 37.
• A day-centered approach to modeling cortisol: Diurnal cortisol profiles and their associations among U.S. adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013 Oct;38(10):2354-65.
• Exploration of basal diurnal salivary cortisol profiles in middle-aged adults: associations with sleep quality and metabolic parameters. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008 Feb;33(2):143-51.
• Elevated cortisol in older adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder is reduced by treatment: a placebo-controlled evaluation of escitalopram. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011 May; 19(5): 482–490.
• Stress and Eating Behaviors. Minerva Endocrinol. 2013 Sep; 38(3): 255–267.
• The effect of diet components on the level of cortisol. Eur Food Res Technol (2016) 242: 2001.
• Caffeine Stimulation of Cortisol Secretion Across the Waking Hours in Relation to Caffeine Intake Levels Psychosom Med. 2005; 67(5): 734–739.

Creatine Kinase

• Creatine-Kinase- and Exercise-Related Muscle Damage Implications for Muscle Performance and Recovery. J Nutr Metab. 2012; 2012: 960363.
• Is it necessary to adjust current creatine kinase reference ranges to reflect levels found in professional footballers? BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2018; 4(1): e000282.
• Biomarkers in Sports and Exercise: Tracking Health, Performance, and Recovery in Athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2017 Oct; 31(10): 2920–2937.
• Exercise-induced muscle damage: What is it, what causes it and what are the nutritional solutions? Eur J Sport Sci. 2019 Feb;19(1):71-85.
• Creatine kinase monitoring in sport medicine. Br Med Bull. 2007;81-82:209-30.
• Creatine Phosphokinase and Urea as Biochemical Markers of Muscle Injuries in Professional Football Players. Asian J Sports Med. 2018 ; 9(4):e60386.

DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)

• Testosterone prohormone supplements. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006 Aug;38(8):1451-61.
• Changes in serum concentrations of conjugated and unconjugated steroids in 40- to 80-year-old men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Oct;79(4):1086-90.
• Marked decline in serum concentrations of adrenal C19 sex steroid precursors and conjugated androgen metabolites during aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Aug;82(8):2396-402.
• Clinical review: DHEA replacement for postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jun;96(6):1642-53.
• Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)–a precursor steroid or an active hormone in human physiology. J Sex Med. 2011 Nov;8(11):2960-82.
• Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): hypes and hopes. Drugs. 2014 Jul;74(11):1195-207.
• Altered DHEA and DHEAS response to exercise in healthy older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2009 Jan;17(1):77-88.
• DHEA, DHEA-S and cortisol responses to acute exercise in older adults in relation to exercise training status and sex. Age (Dordr). 2013 Apr; 35(2): 395–405.

Ferritin

• Ferritin for the Clinician. Blood Rev. 2009 May; 23(3): 95–104.
• Serum Ferritin: Past, Present and Future. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010 Aug; 1800(8): 760–769.
• Iron Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Office of Dietary Supplements Fact Sheets. National Institute of Health.
• Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Common and Curable Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013 Jul; 3(7): a011866. 
• Iron and Mechanisms of Emotional Behavior J Nutr Biochem. 2014 Nov; 25(11): 1101–1107. 
• Correcting iron deficiency. Aust Prescr. 2016 Dec; 39(6): 193–199.
• Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Common and Curable Disease Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013 Jul; 3(7): a011866.
• Current misconceptions in diagnosis and management of iron deficiency.Blood Transfus. 2017 Sep; 15(5): 422–437.
• Plasma Ferritin Determination as a Diagnostic Tool.West J Med. 1986 Nov; 145(5): 657–663.
• Screening for iron deficiency: an analysis based on bone-marrow examinations and serum ferritin determinations in a population sample of women.Br J Haematol. 1993 Dec;85(4):787-98.
• Interpreting raised serum ferritin levels.BMJ. 2015 Aug 3;351:h3692.

GGT (Liver Enzyme)

• Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians. CMAJ. 2005 Feb 1; 172(3): 367–379.
• Gamma-Glutamyltransferase: A Predictive Biomarker of Cellular Antioxidant Inadequacy and Disease Risk. Dis Markers. 2015; 2015: 818570.
• Alkaline Phosphatase and Gamma Glutamyltransferase. Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Boston: Butterworths; 1990.
• Biomarkers of alcohol consumption and related liver disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2010 Sep;70(5):305-12.
• Serum Gamma Glutamyl Transferase and Risk of Heart Failure in the Community Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010 Sep; 30(9): 1855–1860.
• Gamma glutamyl transferase and metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and mortality risk: the Framingham Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Jan;27(1):127-33.
• Liver fibrosis: a compilation on the biomarkers status and their significance during disease progression. Future Sci OA. 2018 Jan; 4(1): FSO250.
• Treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2017 Jul; 13(7): 425–427.
• Are Lifestyle Therapies Effective for NAFLD Treatment? Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Oct;30(10):701-709.
• EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016 Jun;64(6):1388-402.
• Influence of dietary macronutrients on liver fat accumulation and metabolism. J Investig Med. 2017 Dec;65(8):1102-1115.

HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1C)

• Significance of HbA1c Test in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diabetic Patients. Biomark Insights. 2016; 11: 95–104.
• Effect of baseline HbA1c level on the development of diabetes by lifestyle intervention in primary healthcare settings: insights from subanalysis of the Japan Diabetes Prevention Program. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2014 Apr 23;2(1):e000003.
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: What is Diabetes? National Institute of Diabetes and Digestion and Kidney Diseases Health Information. National Institute of Health.
• Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Have all risk factors the same strength? World J Diabetes. 2014 Aug 15;5(4):444-70.
• Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010 Dec; 33(12): e147–e167.
• Effects of nutrition therapy on HbA1c and cardiovascular disease risk factors in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutr J. 2018; 17: 42.
• A carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet improves HbA1c and liver fat content in weight stable participants with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2019 Nov;62(11):2066-2078.
• Clinically meaningful and lasting HbA1c improvement rarely occurs after 5 years of type 1 diabetes: an argument for early, targeted and aggressive intervention following diagnosis. Diabetologia. 2018 May;61(5):1064-1070.

HDL-Cholesterol

• Cholesterol. MedlinePlus. National Institute of Health.
• Increasing HDL-cholesterol and prevention of atherosclerosis: A critical perspective. Atheroscler Suppl. 2015 May;18:109-11.
• New insights into the mechanism of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in obesity. Lipids Health Dis. 2011; 10: 176.
• Emerging Nutrition Science on Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: Nutritionists’ Perspectives. Adv Nutr. 2015 May; 6(3): 326S–337S.
• Effect of alcohol consumption on biological markers associated with risk of coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies. BMJ. 2011 Feb 22;342:d636.
• Effect of thyroid dysfunction on high-density lipoprotein subfraction metabolism: roles of hepatic lipase and cholesteryl ester transfer protein. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Aug;83(8):2921-4. 
• Lipid profile disorders induced by long-term cessation of physical activity in previously highly endurance-trained subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jul;89(7):3377-84.
• Cigarette smoking and plasma cholesterol. Am Heart J. 1991 Jan;121(1 Pt 1):141-7.
• Association of extremely high levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with endothelial dysfunction in men. J Clin Lipidol. 2019 Jun 20.
• 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 1;41(1):111-188.

hs-CRP (High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein)

• C Reactive Protein (CRP). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-.
• C-Reactive Protein: A Simple Test to Help Predict Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke. Circulation. 2003 Sep 23;108(12):e81-5.
• 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 Suppl 2):S49-73.
• Low-grade inflammation, diet composition and health: current research evidence and its translation. Br J Nutr. 2015 Oct 14; 114(7): 999–1012.
• Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002 Mar 5;105(9):1135-43.
• A consideration of biomarkers to be used for evaluation of inflammation in human nutritional studies. Br J Nutr. 2013 Jan;109 Suppl 1:S1-34.
• Diet and lifestyle are associated with serum C-reactive protein concentrations in a population-based study. J Lab Clin Med. 2005 Jan;145(1):41-6.
• Associations of Cigarette Smoking With Subclinical Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Jun 24;6(6).
• Association between cigarette smoking and C-reactive protein in a representative, population-based sample of adolescents. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008 Mar;10(3):525-32.
• C-reactive protein and hypertension J Hum Hypertens. 2014 Jul;28(7):410-5.
• The relationship between blood pressure and C-reactive protein in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Nov 15;46(10):1869-74
• C-reactive protein levels and body mass index: Elucidating direction of causation through reciprocal Mendelian randomization. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011 Feb; 35(2): 300–308.
• Body Mass Index, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Mortality in Chinese with Coronary Artery Disease. PLoS One. 2015; 10(8): e0135713.
• Effect of exercise training on C reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med. 2017 Apr;51(8):670-676.
• Dietary inflammatory index and its relationship with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in Korean: data from the health examinee cohort. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2018 Jan; 62(1): 83–88.
• Associations of vitamin C status, fruit and vegetable intakes, and markers of inflammation and hemostasis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar;83(3):567-74.
• Effect of vitamin E supplementation on serum C-reactive protein level: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015 Aug;69(8):867-73.
• The association of fruits, vegetables, antioxidant vitamins and fibre intake with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: sex and body mass index interactions. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov;63(11):1345-52.
• Association between dietary fiber and serum C-reactive protein. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Apr; 83(4): 760–766.
• Serum Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition and Serum High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels in Healthy Japanese Residents. J Nutr Health Aging. 2015 Aug;19(7):719-28.
• Impact of the dietary fatty acid intake on C-reactive protein levels in US adults. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Feb; 96(7): e5736.
• Anti‐Inflammatory Effects of a Vegan Diet Versus the American Heart Association–Recommended Diet in Coronary Artery Disease Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Dec 4;7(23):e011367.
• Effect of Nutritional Status and Dietary Patterns on Human Serum C-Reactive Protein and Interleukin-6 Concentrations. Adv Nutr. 2015 Nov; 6(6): 738–747.
• Effect of Dietary Composition of Weight Loss Diets on High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein: The Randomized POUNDS LOST Trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 Apr; 21(4): 681–689.
• Changes in C-Reactive Protein from Low-Fat Diet and/or Physical Activity in Men and Women With and Without Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolism. 2010 Jan; 59(1): 54–61.
• A Low-Glycemic Load Diet Reduces Serum C-Reactive Protein and Modestly Increases Adiponectin in Overweight and Obese Adults. J Nutr. 2012 Feb; 142(2): 369–374.

LDL-Cholesterol

• Cholesterol. MedlinePlus. National Institute of Health.
• Cholesterol Levels. MedlinePlus. National Institute of Health.
• Emerging Nutrition Science on Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: Nutritionists’ Perspectives. Adv Nutr. 2015 May; 6(3): 326S–337S.
• Comparison of Aerobic Exercise, Diet or Both on Lipids and Lipoproteins in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Nutr. 2012 Apr; 31(2): 156–167.
• Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies. BMJ. 1997 Jan 11; 314(7074): 112–117.
• Lipid profile disorders induced by long-term cessation of physical activity in previously highly endurance-trained subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jul;89(7):3377-84.
• Cigarette smoking and plasma cholesterol. Am Heart J. 1991 Jan;121(1 Pt 1):141-7.
• Diagnosing heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia using new practical criteria validated by molecular genetics. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Jul 15;72(2):171-6.
• 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 1;41(1):111-188.

Magnesium

• Magnesium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Office of Dietary Supplements Fact Sheets. National Institute of Health.
• Magnesium in clinical medicine. Front Biosci. 2004 May 1;9:1278-93.
• Dietary magnesium intake, bone mineral density and risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2016 Apr;27(4):1389-1399.
• Update on the relationship between magnesium and exercise. Magnes Res. 2006 Sep;19(3):180-9.
• The Interplay between Magnesium and Testosterone in Modulating Physical Function in Men. Int J Endocrinol. 2014; 2014: 525249.
• Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology. 2012 Apr 24;78(17):1346-53.
• Magnesium basics. Clin Kidney J. 2012 Feb; 5(Suppl 1): i3–i14.

Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids

• The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 Jun;233(6):674-88.
• Too much linoleic acid promotes inflammation-doesn’t it? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008 Sep-Nov;79(3-5):173-5.
• UK Food Standards Agency Workshop Report: the effects of the dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio on cardiovascular health. Br J Nutr. 2007 Dec;98(6):1305-10.
• Fast food fever: reviewing the impacts of the Western diet on immunity. Nutr J. 2014; 13: 61.
• Prevention of sudden cardiac death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Jun;98(3):355-77.
• The omega-3 index as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jun;87(6):1997S-2002S.
• Omega-3 fatty acids: An update emphasizing clinical use. Agro Food Ind Hi Tech. 2012 July/August; 23(4): 10–13.
• Effects of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on visual and cognitive development throughout childhood: a review of human studies. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2007 Apr;76(4):189-203.
• Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015; 7: 52.
• Nutrient biomarker patterns, cognitive function, and fMRI measures of network efficiency in the aging brain. Neuroimage. 2019 Mar;188:239-251.
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Office of Dietary Supplements Fact Sheets. National Institute of Health.  

SHBG (Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin)

• Cross-sectional and longitudinal determinants of serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in a cohort of community-dwelling men. PLoS One. 2018; 13(7): e0200078.
• The biomarker sex hormone-binding globulin – from established applications to emerging trends in clinical medicine. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Oct;29(5):749-60.
• Sex hormone-binding globulin regulation of androgen bioactivity in vivo: validation of the free hormone hypothesis. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 35539.
• Sex hormone binding globulin levels across the adult lifespan in women – The role of body mass index and fasting insulin. J Endocrinol Invest. 2008 Jul; 31(7): 597–601.
• Basal Endogenous Steroid Hormones, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Physical Fitness, and Health Risk Factors in Young Adult Men. Front Physiol. 2018; 9: 1005.
• Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women and Men. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 17; 361(12): 1152–1163.
• Diet and sex hormone-binding globulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jan;85(1):293-6.
• Long-term effects of calorie restriction on serum sex hormone concentrations in men. Aging Cell. 2010 Apr; 9(2): 236–242.
• Biomarkers in Sports and Exercise: Tracking Health, Performance, and Recovery in Athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2017 Oct; 31(10): 2920–2937.
• Hormonal response patterns are differentially influenced by physical conditioning programs during basic military training. J Sci Med Sport. 2017 Nov;20 Suppl 4:S98-S103.
• Serum sex hormone-binding globulin and cortisol concentrations are associated with overreaching during strenuous military training. J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Mar;25(3):787-97.
• The effect of combined oral contraception on testosterone levels in healthy women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2014 Jan; 20(1): 76–105.

T3 & T4 (Thyroid Hormones)

• Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Metabolism. Physiol Rev. 2014 Apr; 94(2): 355–382.
• Biochemical Testing of the Thyroid: TSH is the Best and, Oftentimes, Only Test Needed – A Review for Primary Care. Clin Med Res. 2016 Jun; 14(2): 83–92.
• Hypothyroidism – new aspects of an old disease. Hippokratia. 2010 Apr-Jun; 14(2): 82–87.
• Hypothyroidism: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Med Clin North Am. 2012 Mar;96(2):203-21.
• The epidemiology of thyroid disease. Br Med Bull. 2011;99:39-51.
• Hyperthyroidism. Lancet. 2016 Aug 27; 388(10047): 906–918.
• Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement. Thyroid. 2014 Dec 1; 24(12): 1670–1751.

Testosterone

• Androgens and erythropoiesis: past and present. J Endocrinol Invest. 2009 Sep;32(8):704-16. 
• Testosterone alters iron metabolism and stimulates red blood cell production independently of dihydrotestosterone. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Sep 1; 307(5): E456–E461.
• Measures of bioavailable serum testosterone and estradiol and their relationships with muscle strength, bone density, and body composition in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Sep;85(9):3276-82.
• Relative contributions of testosterone and estrogen in regulating bone resorption and formation in normal elderly men. J Clin Invest. 2000 Dec 15; 106(12): 1553–1560.
• The relationship between libido and testosterone levels in aging men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul;91(7):2509-13. Epub 2006 May 2.
• Testosterone and weight loss: the evidence Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014 Oct; 21(5): 313–322. 
• Obesity and androgens: facts and perspectives. Fertil Steril. 2006 May;85(5):1319-40.
• The effect of testosterone levels on mood in men: a review. Psychosomatics. 2013 Nov-Dec;54(6):509-14. 
• Testosterone deficiency in women. J Reprod Med. 2001 Mar;46(3 Suppl):291-6.
• Testosterone in women–the clinical significance. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015 Dec;3(12):980-92.
• The Interplay between Magnesium and Testosterone in Modulating Physical Function in Men. Int J Endocrinol. 2014; 2014: 525249.
• Magnesium and anabolic hormones in older men. Int J Androl. 2011 Dec;34(6 Pt 2):e594-600.
• Effects of magnesium supplementation on testosterone levels of athletes and sedentary subjects at rest and after exhaustion. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Apr;140(1):18-23.
• Zinc status and serum testosterone levels of healthy adults. Nutrition. 1996 May;12(5):344-8.
• Association between plasma 25-OH vitamin D and testosterone levels in men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Jul;77(1):106-12.
• Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Horm Metab Res. 2011 Mar;43(3):223-5.
• Sleep regulation and sex hormones exposure in men and women across adulthood. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2014 Oct;62(5):302-10.
• Changes of Serum Adiponectin and Testosterone Concentrations Following Twelve Weeks Resistance Training in Obese Young Men. Asian J Sports Med. 2015 Dec;6(4):e23808.
• Hormonal responses after a strength endurance resistance exercise protocol in young and elderly males. Int J Sports Med. 2007 May;28(5):401-6.
• Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Med. 2005;35(4):339-61. 
• Overtraining Syndrome. Sports Health. 2012 Mar; 4(2): 128–138.
• Testosterone and prostate cancer: an evidence-based review of pathogenesis and oncologic risk. Ther Adv Urol. 2015 Dec; 7(6): 378–387.
• Testosterone and cardiovascular disease in men. Asian J Androl. 2012 May; 14(3): 428–435.
• High-testosterone men reject low ultimatum game offers. Proc Biol Sci. 2007 Sep 22; 274(1623): 2327–2330.

Total Cholesterol

• Cholesterol. MedlinePlus. National Institute of Health.
• Cholesterol Levels. MedlinePlus. National Institute of Health.
• Raised Cholesterol: Situation and Trends. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. World Health Organization.
• Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies. BMJ. 1997 Jan 11; 314(7074): 112–117.
• Lipid profile disorders induced by long-term cessation of physical activity in previously highly endurance-trained subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jul;89(7):3377-84.
• Quantitative assessment of the effects of beta-glucan consumption on serum lipid profile and glucose level in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015 Aug;25(8):714-23. 
• Comparison of Aerobic Exercise, Diet or Both on Lipids and Lipoproteins in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Nutr. 2012 Apr; 31(2): 156–167.
• Cigarette smoking and plasma cholesterol. Am Heart J. 1991 Jan;121(1 Pt 1):141-7.
• Diagnosing heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia using new practical criteria validated by molecular genetics. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Jul 15;72(2):171-6.
• 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 1;41(1):111-188.

Triglycerides

• Emerging Nutrition Science on Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: Nutritionists’ Perspectives. Adv Nutr. 2015 May; 6(3): 326S–337S.
• The Role of Triglycerides in Atherosclerosis Curr Cardiol Rep. 2011 Dec; 13(6): 544–552.
• Regulation of plasma triglycerides in insulin resistance and diabetes. Arch Med Res. 2005 May-Jun;36(3):232-40. 
• Comparison of Aerobic Exercise, Diet or Both on Lipids and Lipoproteins in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Nutr. 2012 Apr; 31(2): 156–167.
• 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 1;41(1):111-188.

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

• Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Metabolism. Physiol Rev. 2014 Apr; 94(2): 355–382.
• Biochemical Testing of the Thyroid: TSH is the Best and, Oftentimes, Only Test Needed – A Review for Primary Care. Clin Med Res. 2016 Jun; 14(2): 83–92.
• Hypothyroidism – new aspects of an old disease. Hippokratia. 2010 Apr-Jun; 14(2): 82–87.
• Hypothyroidism: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Med Clin North Am. 2012 Mar;96(2):203-21.
• The epidemiology of thyroid disease. Br Med Bull. 2011;99:39-51.
• Hyperthyroidism. Lancet. 2016 Aug 27; 388(10047): 906–918.
• Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement. Thyroid. 2014 Dec 1; 24(12): 1670–1751.
• Multiple nutritional factors and thyroid disease, with particular reference to autoimmune thyroid disease. Proc Nutr Soc. 2019 Feb;78(1):34-44.

Vitamin B12

• Vitamin B12 Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Office of Dietary Supplements Fact Sheets. National Institute of Health.
• Nutritional aspects of depression. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;37(3):1029-43.
• Folate, vitamin B12, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Nutr Rev. 1996 Dec;54(12):382-90.
• The effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on older veterans and its relationship to health. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998 Oct;46(10):1199-206.
• Fundic atrophic gastritis in an elderly population. Effect on hemoglobin and several serum nutritional indicators. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986 Nov;34(11):800-6.

Vitamin D

• A Dermatologist’s Perspective on Vitamin D Mayo Clin Proc. 2012 Apr; 87(4): 372–380.
• What is all this commotion about vitamin D? J Invest Dermatol. 2010 Feb;130(2):321-6.
• Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Apr;87(4):1080S-6S.
• Vitamin D status and biomarkers of inflammation in runners. Open Access J Sports Med. 2012 Apr 27;3:35-42.
• Sports Health Benefits of Vitamin D. Sports Health. 2012 Nov; 4(6): 496–501.
• Effect of vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004 Apr 28;291(16):1999-2006.
• Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2005 May 11;293(18):2257-64.
• Factors that Influence the Cutaneous Synthesis and Dietary Sources of Vitamin D Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007 Apr 15; 460(2): 213–217.
• Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988 Aug;67(2):373-8.
• Vitamin D and Depression: Where is all the Sunshine? Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2010 Jun; 31(6): 385–393.
• Diet, sun, and lifestyle as determinants of vitamin D status. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014 May;1317:92-8.
• Smoking is a significant determinant of low serum vitamin D in young and middle-aged healthy males. Hormones (Athens). 2015 Apr-Jun;14(2):245-50.
• Vitamin D and physical performance.Sports Med. 2013 Jul;43(7):601-11.
• Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in athletes: a systematic-review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015 Mar;45(3):365-78.
• Why the IOM Recommendations for Vitamin D Are Deficient.J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Mar;26(3):455-7.

Zinc

• Zinc Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Office of Dietary Supplements Fact Sheets. National Institute of Health.
• Impact of the discovery of human zinc deficiency on health. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 Jun;28(3):257-65.
• Zinc: role in immunity, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009 Nov;12(6):646-52.
• Vitamin and mineral status: effects on physical performance. Nutrition. 2004 Jul-Aug;20(7-8):632-44.
• Zinc Therapy in Dermatology: A Review. Dermatol Res Pract. 2014; 2014: 709152.
• Zinc status and serum testosterone levels of healthy adults. Nutrition. 1996 May;12(5):344-8.
• Zinc in the central nervous system: From molecules to behavior. Biofactors. 2012 May-Jun; 38(3): 186–193.
• Zinc for the treatment of the common cold: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ. 2012 Jul 10; 184(10): E551–E561.
• The Emerging Role for Zinc in Depression and Psychosis. Front Pharmacol. 2017; 8: 414.
• Zinc in depression: a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Dec 15;74(12):872-8.
• Function and mechanism of zinc metalloenzymes. J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1437S-46S.
• Zinc status in athletes: relation to diet and exercise. Sports Med. 2001;31(8):577-82.
• Role of nutritional zinc in the prevention of osteoporosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2010 May;338(1-2):241-54.